Privacy

Privacy policy


Unless otherwise stated below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually required, nor is it necessary for concluding a contract. You are not obliged to provide the data. Failure to provide it will have no consequences. This applies only insofar as no other indication is made in the following processing operations. "Personal data" means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.

Server-Logfiles

You can visit our websites without providing any personal information.

Each time you access our website, usage data is transmitted to us or our web host/IT service provider by your internet browser and stored in log files (so-called server log files). This stored data includes, for example, the name of the accessed page, the date and time of the retrieval, the IP address, the amount of data transmitted, and the requesting provider. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, due to our legitimate interest in ensuring the uninterrupted operation of our website and improving our services.

Customer account

When opening a customer account, we collect your personal data to the extent specified there. The data processing aims to enhance your shopping experience and simplify the order processing. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(a) of the GDPR with your consent. You can revoke your consent at any time by notifying us, without affecting the lawfulness of the processing carried out on the basis of the consent until the revocation. Your customer account will then be deleted.

Collection, processing, and sharing of personal data during orders

When placing an order, we collect and process your personal data only to the extent necessary to fulfill and complete your order, as well as to address your inquiries. Providing the data is necessary for the conclusion of the contract. If the data is not provided, no contract can be concluded. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(b) of the GDPR and is necessary for the fulfillment of a contract with you.

Your data may be shared, for example, with the shipping companies and dropshipping providers you choose, payment service providers, order processing service providers, and IT service providers. In all cases, we strictly adhere to legal requirements. The scope of data transfer is limited to what is absolutely necessary.

Collection and processing when using the contact form.

When using the contact form, we collect your personal data (name, email address, message text) only to the extent you provide. The data processing serves the purpose of establishing contact. By sending your message, you consent to the processing of the transmitted data. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(a) of the GDPR with your consent. You can revoke your consent at any time by notifying us, without affecting the lawfulness of the processing carried out based on the consent until the revocation. We will use your email address solely for processing your inquiry. Your data will then be deleted unless you have consented to further processing and use.


Data collection when writing a comment

When commenting on an article or post, we collect your personal data (name, email address, comment text) only to the extent you provide. The processing serves the purpose of enabling comments and displaying them. By submitting the comment, you consent to the processing of the transmitted data. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(a) of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with your consent. You can revoke your consent at any time by notifying us, without affecting the lawfulness of the processing carried out based on the consent until the revocation. Your personal data will then be deleted. When your comment is published, the name you provided and the email address you shared will be made public. Additionally, when you submit a comment, your IP address is stored for the purpose of preventing abuse of the comment function and ensuring the security of our information technology systems. By submitting the comment, you consent to the processing of the transmitted data. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(a) of the GDPR with your consent. You can revoke your consent at any time by notifying us, without affecting the lawfulness of the processing carried out based on the consent until the revocation. Your IP address will then be deleted.

Use of the email address for sending newsletters

We use your email address solely for our own advertising purposes for sending newsletters, provided you have explicitly consented to this. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(a) of the GDPR with your consent. You can revoke your consent at any time without affecting the lawfulness of the processing carried out based on the consent until the revocation. You can unsubscribe from the newsletter at any time using the corresponding link in the newsletter or by notifying us. Your email address will then be removed from the distribution list. Your data will be shared with a service provider for email marketing as part of order processing. No sharing with other third parties will take place.

Use of the Email Address for Sending Direct Advertising

We use your email address, which we obtained in the course of selling a product or service, for the electronic transmission of advertising for our own goods or services that are similar to those you have already purchased from us, as long as you have not objected to this use. Providing the email address is necessary for the conclusion of the contract. Failure to provide it will result in no contract being concluded. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR due to our overriding legitimate interest in direct advertising. You can object to this use of your email address at any time by notifying us. You can find the contact details for exercising your objection in the imprint. You can also use the designated link in the advertising email. There are no costs other than the transmission costs according to the basic tariffs.


Use of PayPal

All PayPal transactions are subject to the PayPal privacy policy. You can find it at https://www.paypal.com/de/webapps/mpp/ua/privacy-full

Cookies

Our website uses cookies. Cookies are small text files that are stored by the internet browser on the user’s computer system. When a user accesses a website, a cookie may be saved on the user’s operating system. This cookie contains a distinctive string of characters that allows for the unique identification of the browser when revisiting the website. We use these cookies to make our offering more user-friendly, effective, and secure. Furthermore, cookies enable our systems to recognize your browser even after you switch pages and to provide you with services. Some functions of our website cannot be offered without the use of cookies. For these functions, it is necessary for the browser to be recognized again after a page switch. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR due to our overriding legitimate interest in ensuring the optimal functionality of the website as well as in a user-friendly and effective design of our offerings. Cookies are stored on your computer. Therefore, you have full control over the use of cookies. By selecting the appropriate technical settings in your internet browser, you can be notified before cookies are set and can decide individually whether to accept them, as well as prevent the storage of cookies and the transmission of the data contained in them. You can delete already stored cookies at any time. However, we would like to point out that you may not be able to use all the features of this website to their full extent. You can find information on how to manage (including disable) cookies in the most popular browsers at the following links:

Chrome Browser: https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=de

Internet Explorer: https://support.microsoft.com/de-de/help/17442/windows-internet-explorer-delete-manage-cookies

Mozilla Firefox: https://support.mozilla.org/de/kb/cookies-erlauben-und-ablehnen

Safari: https://support.apple.com/de-de/guide/safari/manage-cookies-and-website-data-sfri11471/mac

 

Analysis      Advertising      Communication      


The data processing described in this section, particularly the setting of cookies, is carried out based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR due to our overriding legitimate interest:

 


in the needs-based and targeted design of the website, for example, with analysis and statistics tools

 


- to target website visitors with interest-based advertising, for example, through conversion tracking

 


- in direct customer communication, for example, with live chat tools

 


You have the right to object at any time to the processing of your personal data based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, for reasons related to your particular situation.

 

Use of Google Analytics

We use the web analytics service Google Analytics from Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; "Google") on our website. If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Google Ireland Limited is therefore the affiliated company of Google responsible for processing your data and ensuring compliance with applicable data protection laws. The data processing serves the purpose of analyzing this website and its visitors. To do this, Google will use the information obtained on behalf of the operator of this website to evaluate your use of the website, compile reports on website activities, and provide other services related to website usage and internet usage to the website operator. The IP address transmitted by your browser within the framework of Google Analytics will not be merged with other data from Google. Google Analytics uses cookies that allow for the analysis of your use of the website. The information generated by the cookies about your use of this website is generally transmitted to a Google server in the USA and stored there. On this website, IP anonymization is enabled. This means that your IP address will be shortened by Google within member states of the European Union or in other contracting states of the Agreement on the European Economic Area beforehand. Only in exceptional cases will the full IP address be transmitted to a Google server in the USA and shortened there. Google has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can prevent the collection of data generated by the cookie and related to your use of the website (including your IP address) to Google, as well as the processing of this data by Google, by downloading and installing the browser plug-in available at the following link: [https://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de]. To prevent the collection and storage of data by Google Analytics across devices, you can set an opt-out cookie. Opt-out cookies prevent future collection of your data when visiting this website. You must opt out on all systems and devices used for it to be comprehensive. If you delete the opt-out cookie, requests to Google will be sent again. Click here to set the opt-out cookie: Disable Google Analytics. For more information on terms of use and data protection, please visit: https://www.google.com/analytics/terms/de.html or at https://www.google.de/intl/de/policies/.

Use of the Remarketing or "Similar Audiences" Feature from Google

We use the Remarketing or "Similar Audiences" feature from Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; „Google“) on our website. If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Therefore, Google Ireland Limited is the affiliated company of Google responsible for processing your data and ensuring compliance with applicable data protection laws. The application serves the purpose of analyzing visitor behavior and interests. To conduct the analysis of website usage, which forms the basis for creating interest-based advertisements, Google uses cookies. Through the cookies, visits to the website and anonymized data about the use of the website are collected. No personal data of the website visitors is stored. When you subsequently visit another website in the Google Display Network, you will see advertisements that are likely based on previously visited product and information areas. Your data may be transmitted to the USA. Google has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can permanently disable the use of cookies by Google by following the link below and downloading and installing the provided plug-in: https://support.google.com/ads/answer/7395996?hl=de. Alternatively, you can prevent the use of cookies by third parties by visiting the opt-out page of the Network Advertising Initiative at https://www.networkadvertising.org/choices/ and implementing the further information on opting out provided there. For more information on Google Remarketing and the associated privacy policy, please visit: https://www.google.com/privacy/ads/

Use of Google Ads Conversion Tracking

We use the online advertising program "Google Ads" on our website and, in this context, conversion tracking (visit action evaluation). Google Conversion Tracking is an analytics service from Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; „Google“). If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Consequently, Google Ireland Limited is the affiliated company of Google that handles the processing of your data and ensures compliance with applicable data protection laws. When you click on an ad served by Google, a cookie for conversion tracking is placed on your computer. These cookies have a limited validity, do not contain any personal data, and therefore do not serve for personal identification. If you visit certain pages of our website and the cookie has not yet expired, Google and we can recognize that you clicked on the ad and were redirected to that page. Each Google Ads customer receives a different cookie, so there is no way for cookies to be tracked across the websites of Ads customers. The information collected through the conversion cookie is used to create conversion statistics. This allows us to learn the total number of users who clicked on one of our ads and were redirected to a page equipped with a conversion tracking tag. However, we do not receive any information that can personally identify users. Your data may be transmitted to the USA. Google has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can disable personalized advertising in your Google ad settings. Instructions on how to do this can be found at https://support.google.com/ads/answer/2662922?hl=de.

Alternatively, you can prevent the use of cookies by third parties by visiting the opt-out page of the Network Advertising Initiative at https://www.networkadvertising.org/choices/ and implementing the further information on opting out provided there. You will then not be included in the conversion tracking statistics. For more information and Google’s privacy policy, please visit: https://www.google.de/policies/privacy/.


Use of Facebook Remarketing

We use the remarketing feature "Custom Audiences" from Facebook Inc. (1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; "Facebook") on our website. The application serves the purpose of targeting website visitors with interest-based advertising on the social network Facebook. To achieve this, the Facebook remarketing tag has been implemented on the website. When you visit the website, a direct connection to the Facebook servers is established via this tag. This transmits information to the Facebook server regarding which of our pages you have visited. Facebook associates this information with your personal Facebook user account. When you visit the Facebook social network, you will then see personalized, interest-based Facebook ads. Your data may be transmitted to the USA. Facebook has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can deactivate the "Custom Audiences" remarketing feature here. For more information on the collection and use of data by Facebook, as well as your rights and options for protecting your privacy, please refer to Facebook's privacy policy at https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/.


Use of Google AdSense

We use the AdSense feature from Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; „Google“). If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Therefore, Google Ireland Limited is the affiliated company of Google that is responsible for processing your data and ensuring compliance with applicable data protection laws. The data processing serves the purpose of renting advertising space on the website and targeting visitors of the website with interest-based advertising. Through this feature, visitors to the provider's website are shown personalized, interest-based advertisements from the Google Display Network. Google uses cookies to analyze your use of the website. The information generated by the cookie regarding your use of this website is generally transmitted to and stored on a server of Google in the USA. Google may transfer this information to third parties if required by law or if third parties process these data on behalf of Google. In no event will Google link your IP address with other data from Google. Google has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can permanently disable the use of cookies by Google by following the link below and downloading and installing the provided plug-in: https://support.google.com/ads/answer/7395996?hl=de.

Alternatively, you can prevent the use of cookies by third parties by visiting the opt-out page of the Network Advertising Initiative at https://www.networkadvertising.org/choices/ and implementing the further information on opting out provided there. For more information and Google's privacy policy, please visit: https://www.google.com/policies/technologies/ads/ and https://www.google.de/policies/privacy/.

Use of Bing Ads

We use Bing Ads from Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399, USA; "Microsoft") on our website. When you click on an advertisement served by Microsoft Bing Ads, a cookie for conversion tracking is placed on your device. This cookie has a limited validity and does not serve to identify you personally. If you visit certain pages of our website and the cookie has not yet expired, Microsoft and we can recognize that you clicked on the ad and were redirected to this page. The information collected via the conversion cookie is used to create conversion statistics. We learn the total number of users who clicked on one of our ads and were redirected to a page with a conversion tracking tag. However, it is not possible to personally identify these users. Your data may be transmitted to the USA. Microsoft has been certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. You can prevent the storage of cookies by selecting the appropriate technical settings in your browser software; however, please note that in this case, you may not be able to fully utilize all the features of this website. As a result, you will not be included in the conversion tracking statistics. For more information on privacy and the cookies used by Microsoft Bing, please visit: https://privacy.microsoft.com/de-de/privacystatement.

Use of the Live-Chat-System LiveZilla

We use the live chat system from LiveZilla GmbH (Byk-Gulden-Straße 18, 78224 Singen; "LiveZilla") on our website. The system serves the purpose of communication between you and us as the provider. In this context, data is also collected and stored for marketing and optimization purposes. Usage profiles can be created from this data under a pseudonym. Cookies may be used for this purpose. The cookies allow for the recognition of the internet browser. The data collected using LiveZilla technologies will not be used to personally identify the visitor of this website without the separately granted consent of the affected person, and will not be combined with personal data about the holder of the pseudonym. You can prevent the storage of cookies by selecting the appropriate technical settings in your browser software; however, please note that in this case, you may not be able to fully utilize all the features of this website.

Plug-ins

Use of Social Plug-ins via „Shariff“

We use social network plugins on our website. To ensure you maintain control over your data, we utilize the privacy-safe "Shariff" buttons. Without your explicit consent, no connections to the servers of the social networks are established, and consequently, no data is transmitted. "Shariff" is a development by specialists from the computer magazine c’t. It provides more privacy on the web and replaces the usual “Share” buttons of social networks. More information about the Shariff project can be found here: Shariff Project. When you click the buttons, a pop-up window will appear, allowing you to log in with your data to the respective provider. Only after this active login by you will a direct connection to the social networks be established. By logging in, you consent to the transmission of your data to the respective social media provider. This includes your IP address and information about which of our pages you have visited. If you are simultaneously logged into one or more of your social network accounts, the collected information will also be associated with your corresponding profiles. You can prevent this association only by logging out of your social media accounts before visiting our website and before activating the buttons. The social networks listed below are integrated using the "Shariff" function. For more information on the scope and purpose of data collection and use, as well as your rights and options to protect your privacy, please refer to the linked privacy notices of the providers.


Google+ by Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, 94043 USA) https://www.google.com/intl/de/+/policy/+1button.html

Facebook by Facebook Inc. (1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA) https://www.facebook.com/policy.php

Twitter by Twitter Inc. (1355 Market Street, Suite 900, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA) https://twitter.com/privacy

Pinterest by Pinterest Inc. (635 High Street, Palo Alto, CA, 94301, USA) https://about.pinterest.com/de/privacy-policy

AddThis by Oracle America, Inc. (500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065, USA) https://www.addthis.com/privacy/privacy-policy

Instagram by Instagram LLC. (1601 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA) https://help.instagram.com/155833707900388

Xing by XING SE (Dammtorstraße 30, 20354 Hamburg) https://www.xing.com/privac

 


Use of Social Plugins via the "2-Click Solution"

We use social network plug-ins on our website using the "2-click solution." No connections to the servers of social networks are established, and consequently, no data is transmitted without your explicit consent. With the standard integration of plug-ins, when you access the pages of our website that contain such a plug-in, a connection between your computer and the servers of the social network providers is established, and the plug-in is displayed on the page via a notification to your browser. In this process, both your IP address and information about which of our pages you have visited are transmitted to the provider's servers. This applies regardless of whether you are registered or logged into the social network. Data transmission also occurs for unregistered or non-logged-in users. Furthermore, if you are logged into the social network Facebook, this information will be linked to your personal user account. When using the plug-in functions (e.g., by clicking the button), this information will also be linked to your user account, which you can only prevent by logging out before using the plug-in. To maintain control over your data, we have decided to initially deactivate the corresponding button. You can recognize this by the grayed-out button. Without your explicit consent—in the form of activating the button—no connection to the server of the social network is established, and therefore, no data is transmitted. Only when you activate the button will it become active (highlighted), and a direct connection to the servers of the social network will be established. By activating the button, you give your consent to the transfer of your data to the respective social network provider. This includes, among other things, both your IP address and information about which of our pages you have visited. If you are simultaneously connected to one or more of your social network accounts, the collected information will also be assigned to your corresponding profiles. You can only prevent this assignment by logging out of your user accounts with the social networks before visiting our website and before activating the buttons. The social networks named below are integrated using the "2-click function." For more information on the scope and purpose of data collection and use, as well as your rights and options for protecting your privacy, please refer to the linked privacy notices of the providers.


Google+ by Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California, 94043 USA):
https://www.google.com/intl/de/+/policy/+1button.html

https://policies.google.com/privacy

https://adssettings.google.com/authenticated

Facebook by Facebook Inc. (1601 S. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA)
https://www.facebook.com/policy.php

Twitter by Twitter Inc. (1355 Market Street, Suite 900, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA):
https://twitter.com/privacy
https://twitter.com/personalization

Pinterest by Pinterest Inc. (635 High Street, Palo Alto, CA, 94301, USA):
https://about.pinterest.com/de/privacy-policy

https://help.pinterest.com/de/articles/personalization-and-data

AddThis by Oracle America, Inc. (500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065, USA)
https://www.addthis.com/privacy/privacy-policy

Instagram by Instagram LLC. (1601 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA):

http://instagram.com/legal/privacy/

Xing by XING SE (Dammtorstraße 30, 20354 Hamburg):
https://www.xing.com/privacy
https://privacy.xing.com/de/datenschutzerklaerung/welche-rechte-koennen-sie-geltend-machen/widerspruchsrecht


Use of YouTube

We use the YouTube video embedding feature on our website provided by Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland; "YouTube"). YouTube is a company affiliated with Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; "Google"). This feature displays videos stored on YouTube in an iFrame on the website. The "Enhanced Privacy Mode" option is activated. This means that YouTube does not store information about visitors to the website. Only when you watch a video will information about this be transmitted to and stored by YouTube. Your data may be transferred to the USA. Google has certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. For more information on the collection and use of data by YouTube and Google, as well as your rights and options for protecting your privacy, please refer to YouTube's privacy policy (https://www.youtube.com/t/privacy).

Use of GoogleMaps

We use the Google Maps embedding feature on our website provided by Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; „Google“). If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Therefore, Google Ireland Limited is the affiliated company of Google that is responsible for processing your data and ensuring compliance with applicable data protection laws. This feature enables the visual representation of geographic information and interactive maps. When accessing pages that embed Google Maps, Google collects, processes, and uses data from the visitors of those websites. Your data may also be transferred to the USA. Google has certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield Agreement, thereby committing to comply with European data protection regulations. The processing is based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, reflecting the legitimate interest in the needs-based and targeted design of our website. For more information on the collection and use of data by Google, please refer to Google’s privacy policy at https://www.google.com/privacypolicy.html. There, you also have the option in the Privacy Center to change your settings so that you can manage and protect your data processed by Google.

Use of Google reCAPTCHA

We use the reCAPTCHA service on our website from Google LLC (1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; „Google“). If you are a resident of the European Economic Area or Switzerland, Google Ireland Limited (Gordon House, Barrow Street, Dublin 4, Ireland) is the data controller responsible for your data. Therefore, Google Ireland Limited is the affiliated company of Google that is responsible for processing your data and ensuring compliance with applicable data protection laws. The query serves to distinguish between input by a human or automated, machine processing. To do this, your input is transmitted to Google and used there. Additionally, the IP address and any other data required by Google for the reCAPTCHA service may also be transmitted to Google. This data is processed by Google within the European Union and may also be transmitted to the USA. Google is certified under the US-EU Privacy Shield framework and has therefore committed to complying with European data protection regulations. The processing is based on Article 6 (1) (f) of the GDPR due to our legitimate interest in protecting our website from automated spying, abuse, and spam. Further information about Google reCAPTCHA and the associated privacy policy can be found at: https://www.google.com/recaptcha/intro/android.html and https://www.google.com/privacy.

Rights of the Data Subjects and Storage Duration


Storage duration
After the complete execution of the contract, the data will initially be stored for the duration of the warranty period. Subsequently, it will be stored taking into account legal retention periods, particularly those related to tax and commercial law, and will be deleted after the expiration of these periods, unless you have consented to further processing and use.


Rights of the Data Subject

You have the following rights under Articles 15 to 20 of the GDPR, provided the legal requirements are met: the right to access, the right to rectification, the right to erasure, the right to restriction of processing, and the right to data portability. Additionally, you have the right to object under Article 21(1) of the GDPR to processing based on Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR, as well as to processing for the purpose of direct marketing. Feel free to contact us if you wish. You can find the contact details in our imprint.

Right to lodge a complaint with the supervisory authority

You have the right to lodge a complaint with the supervisory authority pursuant to Article 77 of the GDPR if you believe that the processing of your personal data is not lawful.

Right to Object

If the personal data processing listed here is based on our legitimate interests according to Art. 6 (1) lit. f GDPR, you have the right to object to these processing activities at any time for reasons arising from your particular situation, with effect for the future. Upon objection, the processing of the affected data will cease, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that override your interests, rights, and freedoms, or if the processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise, or defense of legal claims. If the processing of personal data is for the purposes of direct marketing, you can object to this processing at any time by notifying us. Upon objection, we will cease processing the affected data for direct marketing purposes.


Last updated: 11/19/2018